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AriaHangard Consulting Engineers

Technical articles

Technical articles on mining and mineral processing

Technical articles by AriaHangard engineers on mineral processing, hydrometallurgy, mining engineering and tailings management.

Mineral processing
3 min read

Principles of Froth Flotation for Copper Sulphide Ores

Froth flotation is the most widely used method for concentrating copper sulphide ores. This article reviews its physicochemical basis, reagents, circuit configuration and the design criteria of a concentrator.

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Hydrometallurgy
3 min read

Heap Leaching and the SX-EW Process for Copper Cathode Production

Combining heap leaching, solvent extraction and electrowinning makes it possible to produce 99.99% copper cathode from oxide and low-grade ores. This article describes the main components and design parameters of the chain.

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Process engineering
3 min read

Grinding Circuit Design: SAG and Ball Mills and the Bond Work Index

Comminution is the most energy-intensive part of a processing plant. This article covers how energy requirements are determined, common circuit configurations and the role of laboratory testing in mill design.

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Gold hydrometallurgy
3 min read

Gold Recovery by the Carbon-in-Leach (CIL) Process

CIL is the most common process for recovering gold from free-milling and moderately refractory ores. This article explains cyanidation chemistry, carbon adsorption circuit design, elution and bullion recovery.

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Tailings & water management
3 min read

Tailings Dewatering and Dry Stacking: A Safer Alternative to Tailings Dams

Dry stacking of filtered tailings reduces stability risks and maximises water recovery, making it a serious option for mines in water-scarce regions. This article reviews technologies, design criteria and economics.

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Mining engineering
3 min read

Open-Pit Optimisation: The Lerchs–Grossmann Algorithm and Cut-off Grade

Defining the optimal final pit and production schedule directly drives the net present value of an open-pit mine. This article reviews block models, economic block value, pit optimisation algorithms and the concept of cut-off grade.

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